Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) is a non-drug therapy used to relieve pain by delivering mild electrical currents through the skin. It aims to reduce pain by activating nerve fibers that inhibit pain signals in the spinal cord and brain.
Research suggests TENS can temporarily relieve pain when applied at a strong but comfortable intensity. It may activate descending inhibitory pathways and stimulate opioid receptors, reducing sensitivity to pain. However, results across clinical studies are inconsistent.
Many trials differ in treatment settings, frequencies, and patient conditions, making it hard to compare outcomes. While some studies show clear pain reduction, others report minimal or no benefit. TENS appears most effective when personalized and used correctly — but evidence for long-term effects or improvement in overall function is limited.
The authors conclude that TENS remains a useful option for short-term pain relief, but stronger, well-designed research is needed to confirm its full therapeutic value and identify the best treatment parameters.
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